A Personal Reading Response For The Song Hands Up By Vince...

I am going to write a personal reading response for the song Hands Up by Vince Staples. I chose this song because it directly explores and addresses the issue of police brutality and abuse of authority in the United States, an issue that is becoming more and more common in today’s world. I need to explain my understanding of the main ideas, as well as reflect upon my feelings about the lyrics I have read. I will refer to specific quotations and incidents in the text that support my comments. I will also refer to background research or information about the song and the writer that can help me to understand the relevance of this song to our modern world. I will also compare this song to other songs I have previously heard that explores the†¦show more content†¦This is something that has the power to create fear in black people, as it is more likely that they will be questioned and searched than white people, due to the racial stereotype that black people are more likel y to be guilty of committing a crime than someone who is white. This presents the power held by police officers and the fear felt by black people towards people who are employed to protect their community. He also uses the word â€Å"oppressed† to explain the way that laws and authority can make him feel, showing that although he is trying to fight against this abuse and violence, he also feels saddened that there is even a need for him to fight against such harsh and unjust behaviour towards people of his race. Staples refers to police officers as â€Å"pigs†, a term he uses to describe police officers that actively abuse the authority they have, to show the lack of respect he has for those officers. The selection of these words helps the listener to understand the way that people of colour are made to feel on a regular basis, which enables them to sympathise with their situation if the cannot directly relate to the issues that they are dealing with. As Staples speaks about abuse of authority and his past encounters with the police, he does so by expressing his views in first person. He did this so that the listener can understand that this is something that any personShow MoreRelatedHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 Pagesplaces to find secondary sources including the card-catalog index, CD-ROMs, the Internet, literary encyclopedias, bibliographies, periodical indices, journals, etc. 4. Preliminary Thesis Once you have thought through your topic and done some reading, you are ready to write the preliminary thesis, which is one arguable statement that expresses your opinion on your subject. You may need to revise this preliminary thesis several times as you continue your research. Review the following characteristicsRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pages2011 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Instructor’s Manual Supporting resources Visit the Exploring Strategy, ninth edition Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/mystrategylab. Register to create your own personal account using the access code supplied with the copy of the book. Access the following teaching and learning resources: Resources for students †¢ A dynamic eText of the book which you can search, bookmark, annotate and highlight as you please †¢ Self-assessmentRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesLeaders 399 Case Incident 1 Leadership Mettle Forged in Battle 400 Case Incident 2 Leadership Factories 400 13 Power and Politics 411 A Definition of Power 412 Contrasting Leadership and Power 413 Bases of Power 414 Formal Power 414 †¢ Personal Power 415 †¢ Which Bases of Power Are Most Effective? 416 †¢ Power and Perceived Justice 416 Dependence: The Key to Power 416 The General Dependence Postulate 416 †¢ What Creates Dependence? 417 Power Tactics 418 Sexual Harassment: Unequal Power inRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesI-7 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (B): Cleaning Up an Information Systems Debacle CASE STUDY II-1 Vendor-Managed Inventory at NIBCO CASE STUDY II-2 Real-Time Business Intelligence at Continental Airlines CASE STUDY II-3 Norfolk Southern Railway: The Business Intelligence Journey CASE STUDY II-4 Mining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island Chocolate

Communicating in the Workplace Free Essays

Tasha Wright April 23, 2013 Assignment 1. 1 Complete assignment 1. 1 from Ch. We will write a custom essay sample on Communicating in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 of Communicating in the Workplace. Choose two misunderstandings you experienced and fill out the chart for these. Respond to questions 1 and 2 shown under the chart for each example of a misunderstanding. In your response, include the following: * Cite a meaningful misunderstanding rather than a general or less material misunderstanding. * Use business- or work-related examples rather than personal ones. Identify the roles of the sender and receiver, such as manager, peer, subordinate, client, vendor, and so forth. Question| Misunderstanding One| Misunderstanding Two| Who was the sender? | My Co-worker | My Manager| Who was the receiver? | I was| I was| What was the message? | â€Å"Refill the ink toner in the mail room. †| â€Å"Make sure you open all tickets and provide your daily log assignments†. | What channel was used to sendthe message? | Via Email| | What was the misunderstandingthat occurred? There were three different ink toners and three machines located i n the mail room. Sender didn’t state which Ink toner that was needed and machine. | The email was not specifying of which ticket to open in order to provide our daily log assignment. | How could the misunderstandinghave been avoided? | The sender could have specified informed the correct Ink toner and machine. | The message could have been clearer on which ticket to review. | 1. What did you learn about the communication process from this activity? Answer: When using communication via email, you have to make sure the details are informed, where, what, when. In via email you should have more clarification within the message to communicate better so that you can resolve the issue. 2. What seemed to be the main causes of the misunderstandings? Answer: The lack of information, if I haven’t asked questions the wrong ink toner would have been installed into the wrong machine and would have delayed projects. To prevent misunderstanding in communication the body of the message should include details about the subject. How to cite Communicating in the Workplace, Papers

Report On Social Media Marketing in Ray White Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Social Media Marketing in Ray White Company. Answer: Introduction Ray White is the largest real estate firm in Australia. The company has been in the real estate and properties industry for over 110 years (Ray White Group, 2017) and boasted expertise in concierge, insurance, auction, home rents and selling, property advice, and loans. Business bring in revenues of over AU$ 27,000,000,000 annually which has to be maintained in an increasing trend. Having a broad range of networks has called for the need to usesocial media marketing to build its brand name and increase its visibility to the customer both as existing and prospective customers. Social media works by creating relationships. Today, the social media has the largest audience among all the media used in marketing. Effective social media marketing is a complex operation. The process requires complete knowledge of the marketplace, the needs of the business, the tools necessary and appropriate management of the full process. Statement of the problem This research is purposed to analyze the social media marketing presence its effectiveness with an effort to develop an effective social media strategy to be used by Ray White. Significance of the report This research is to give the management an analysis of the companys use of various social media by the marketing team, how effective it is and provide recommendations on ways to enhance social media efforts that will, in turn, improve the value Ray White Limited. The four steps model for developing a social media marketing strategy Ray White Limited has used the social media as a marketing tool all the way since the invention of the internet, the worldwide web and email. A combination of where the companys history and where it wants to get. Marketing involves creating and communication of valuable information about products and services to potential and current consumers with the aim of influencing their decisions (Alexandra Khler, Mirko Grnder, 2017). Use of Developments has taken place from time to time as the technology is not static. Social media has become the talk of the day at the present times. Ray White has embraced it to become the most used media for marketing activities. The whole process involved has been discussed below. Listening The first step to an effective social media strategy in Ray White is getting the information on responses in the market. There are several tools used in listening which may either be paid for or free. The tools range from Google analytics, Facebook insights, and social mentions. Information that is obtained by this process comprise all activities done in social media, and it consists of content creations, critics, joiners, spectators, conversations, and collectors. Listening is the first step because social media marketing is two-way and the company has to understand the behavior in the market before proceeding to communicate. Communicate After listening, Ray White has received insights on market behavior and the needs of customers. The communication process is either B2B or B2C depending on the objectives on hand. The intelligence collected while listening is analyzed and then join a conversation. Content created is used to build attention and creativity. Socializing in media relations is crucial by use of media channels. During communication, honesty and openness on motives, agenda, and goals will build trust and loyalty. Networking will enhance the development of third party relations that are retained by the company by productive partnerships. Engage Engaging customers in the social media is done by Ray White through marketers is done through tweets, sharing, and blogs. The marketer's view of engaging customers is to respond to ideas, complaints, questions and inquiries. Marketers also engage to start conversations by asking questions, answering questions and responding to logically to critics. Sharing other people's content while knowing things that should not be done will keep real engagements. Collaborating The collaboration will retain the organization on the right track. It involves organizing content, overseeing and the making of correct schedules on various channels at a reasonable time. Collaboration tools enable Ray White marketers to clarify responsibilities, create content, track a campaign, monitor performance and enhance team performance. Social media platforms being used by Ray White Various platforms are being used by Ray White as regards to their availability, effectiveness, users, and competition levels in the real estate industry. The of the company a have always been matched with the platforms and the most suitable match put in use. Platforms in use are Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest, and Snapchat (Lepkowska-White, 2017). Facebook Facebook has the widest reach of all the platforms used by Ray White. The platform has analytics that assists the company in the analysis of the effectiveness of a campaign. Reaching a particular audience has always been proved useful for Ray Limited due to its capability in targeting (Reshetilova, 2016). Using of new tools displays the message on top in the news feed, and this has been Rays greatest secret. Instagram This platform I owned by Facebook, and it always proves useful using them concurrently. The number of followers on a post can be analyzed to find out the effectiveness of a campaign. The quality of content has assisted Ray White to build its brand name. Rays content posted a long time ago is useful at present time as the platform lacks sequent algorithm (Zhan Wanga, Hyun Gon Kimb, 2017). Pinterest This platform has users with generally high income per head forming the most suitable channel to target clients in real estate. Content that is performing well is always boosted by pinning. A big part of Ray Whites brand is built by Pinterest. YouTube Expertise financial advice is always done on the platform. It establishes honesty and trust in our brand keeping audience waiting for our daily posts. Twitter This is the other brand builder entrusted by the company and is keeping it on top of the industry. Most business web visits are found to be linked from Twitter. Engagements with the audience is an analytics on the performance of a campaign. Recommendations I recommend Ray Limited management to have positive attitudes towards social media and use systems that are up to date as the audience are always moving ahead with the new developments. Marketers should know what is not to be done Ray White is commanding the real estate industry and is positioned to put more influence on the audience in social media as compared to the competitors. Critics are bound to arise in every area as not everyone stands for the benefit of the business (Ditzel, 2017). Critics should be analyzed before response. Some critics are worth for enhancing control in the firm as they may be true. Untrustworthy critics should be handled with care. Conversion of fans and followers into customers Most of the users of social media are inactive, and they can form a very broad market strategies are put underway to convert them into customers. The hiring of an experienced social media marketing team. Social media is general a free marketing platform. Costs need to be incurred on expertise and time. Paid services and social media marketing tools will enhance the efficiency of Ray White Limited in the social media marketing strategy. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) CRM will help business considerably. My recommendation is on the use of Chatbots which work for 24 hours a day and quicker. There will be a reduction in costs incurred by customer service personnel. CRM should create a human environment in attendance to customer issues because customers want to feel that they are talking to people and not the organization. Video content There is an increasing trend in consumption of video content on the internet, and this offers an excellent opportunity for Ray White to follow suit (Ilona, 2017). Conclusion To conclude, I will encourage a strategy that will start with expertise to efficiently handle the process of listening, communicating, engaging and collaboration. The use of virtual reality to live content for video content and making of good relations with industry influencers. Knowledge that is up to date should be pursued as social media is changing each day. As consumers are not static, the company should provide compelling content that is required by the audience, and this is possible only when the right platform is used. References Alexandra Khler, Mirko Grnder. (2017). Elzbieta Lepkowska-White. Journal of Online Marketing, 103. Ditzel, K. (2017). Increasing Customer Engagement in retailing using social media as marketing tools. Journal oaf Customer Engagement, 17. Hollensen, S. (2017). A Practitioner Guide. Journal of Marketing Communication, 96-114. Ilona, K. (2017). Alexandra Khler, Mirko Grnder. Journal of brand building, 29. Kuvailutiedot, N. K. (2017). Utilization of social media in sales lead generation. Journal of marketing on the Internet, 24. Lempiinen, J. (2017). Social Media Planning. Journal of marketing today, 17. Lepkowska-White, E. (2017). Exploring the Challenges of Incorporating Social Media Marketing Strategie. Journal of internet business, 20. Meixner, Oliver ; Haas, Rainer ; Moosbrugger, Helmut ; Magdits, Philipp. (2017). Interraction With Customers. Journal of Application of Social Media, 12. Ray White Group. (2017). Ray White/ About Us. Retrieved from www.raywhitegroup.com: https://www.raywhitegroup.com/about/our-history/ Reshetilova, B. (2016). IS THERE DIGITAL MARKETING IN A RESTAURANT? Journal of the Digital world, 26. Zhan Wanga, Hyun Gon Kimb. (2017). Can Social Media Marketing Improve Customer Relationship Capabilities and Firm Performance? Dynamic Capability Perspective. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 15-26.

The Great I Am Sayings of Jesus free essay sample

In John’s gospel he records the seven great â€Å"I AM† statements of Jesus, each one used to give insight into His person, His deity, and how He relates to God in the OT. â€Å"Seven times John records Jesus saying, ‘I am†¦,’ attaching it to a metaphor. These seven statements give special insight into who Christ claimed to be†¦He was identifying Himself with Jehovah of the Old Testament†. The â€Å"I AM† statement that I will be focusing on is â€Å"I AM the true vine†. Jesus says this in John 15:1 â€Å"I AM the true vine, and My Father is the vinedresser† (NASB). It is interesting to see the context and time when Jesus says this, and to see the relationship between him and his Father. I have always had a found liking to this particular passage as I grew up on an apple orchard, and was very acutely aware of the process of pruning branches at a young age. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great I Am Sayings of Jesus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The concept of pruning away or cleaning the branches in order to bear much fruit is something that I related to very easily throughout my life. Reading the surrounding verses, Jesus is talking and walking with his disciples when he spoke this statement. Many theologians agree that this discourse took place right after the Passover meal: â€Å"The fruit of which he had been just speaking of at supper with his disciples; and then informs them, that he himself is the vine from whence that fruit must be expected, which should be partook of by them in his Fathers kingdom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There are many different reasons given as to why Jesus uses this analogy at this particular time but is simply most likely because vines were something very common in the city. â€Å"The grapevine was a common sight in Israel. In fact, vineyards were so plenteous that the vine became the national symbol of Israel†. This statement by Jesus is also coming at a time when His arrest and death are nearing. This statement is sandwiched right in between Jesus’ promise of the Holy Spirit to his disciples, and His discourse on how and why the world will hate them. As Jesus is telling them these things, he is also comforting them with the fact that they can find rest and security within the true fine. I believe it was very important to Jesus that He portrayed security to the disciples because of the tumultuous times that were to come. That believers are branches of this vine, which supposes that Christ is the root of the vine. The root is unseen, and our life is hid in Christ; the root bears the tree, diffuses sap to it, and is all in all to its flourishing and fruitfulness; and in Christ are all supports and supplies†. As I mentioned earlier, these various â€Å"I AM† statements from Jesus relate back to the OT, and specifically to God in the OT. In regards to Jesus’ statement â€Å"I AM the true vine†, we can see a very sharp connection with God in the OT. We should bear in mind that there are passages in the Old Testament that speak of Israel using vine imagery†¦Each time, however, it seems that God is pointing out Israel’s sin†¦In the Old Testament the vine is often a symbol of Israel, sometimes of degenerate Israel†. Going back to our passage in John 15, Jesus also makes it clear that God is the â€Å"vinedresser†, and that as we are the branches in the vine, he cuts away or cleans the branches to bear much fruit. â€Å"But where Israel failed and had become a false vine, we now see the true vine, the vine in which the purpose of God would be worked out. As Israel was thought of as the â€Å"false vine† in the OT, we now have Jesus, the one true vine, the glory of God. I also believe that Jesus’ statement of being the true vine is a direct correlation to His deity. â€Å"Jesus was also identifying Himself with Jehovah of the Old Testament. The emphatic expression ‘I am’ had a particular connotation for the Jews. In the Old Testament the term Lord is a derivative of the verb to be. When Jehovah revealed His name to Moses as ‘I AM’†¦He was stating, ‘I AM WHO I AM’†¦The Jews of Christ’s time knew that when He said, ‘I am,’ He was claiming, ‘I am Jehovah of the Old Testament’. Just as Jesus was pronouncing His deity when he said â€Å"I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. †(NIV) So also is He proclaiming with His statement â€Å"I am the true vine†, that He alone is the only way to the Father. Understanding that only the â€Å"branches† rooted in the vine can have life, we also understand that only in Christ, rooted in Him, can we have life. â€Å"We become fruitful Christians when we remain in vital contact with Christ and manifest the effects of that vital contact in our character and deeds†. As we have seen above, Jesus’ â€Å"I AM† statements are very clear in presenting His person, deity, and relationship to God. â€Å"What makes this so important in John is that we find a similar usage in the Greek translation of the Old Testament. There we find that the translators used the emphatic form of speech when they were rendering words spoken by God†. Specifically with Jesus’ statement â€Å"I am the true vine†, we can see and understand that only in a life rooted in Him, and the working of the Father as the vinedresser, can we have a full and fruitful life.

Essay on English Primary Language

Essay on English Primary Language Essay on English Primary Language Uniting as One Judging from personal experience I would have to agree that English being the Native Language of the United States, should be something to strive for. Especially those who want to make a home and progress in this country. Not only is our constitution based upon the English Language, it also emphasized the fact that an individual should know English if he/she wishes to become a citizen. I believe that language disputes are all over the world, and there needs to be a change in order for us to become a greater country. It is obvious that communication is a problem in this country. Therefore, English should be a mandatory language for those living in this country. In order for all of us to communicate it is best for all living in the country to know one language. It would not only benefit this country, but to oneself as well. People who migrate to this country should strive to learn the English Language, so they can live a better life. There are a variety of jobs for those who speak more than one language. If those who migrate here only speak their native language or chose not to learn English, they’re not going to progress in life. The reason being why America is such a great country is because of the diversity that we have. That is why we are known as the melting pot. Since diversity offers a variety of ideals, and beliefs, it is beneficial to our country. I believe that the many different perspectives and views of a person is very important to this country. But it is hard for the majority of us to speak up, especially if one doesn’t know how to speak English. Speaking too many of my relatives, who are immigrants, they too agree that English should be mandatory. Their point of view based upon fact that people who migrate to this country are looking for a better life. From their experience they came into this country not knowing English and the only way to progress in any job is to know the language; Without having done so jobs would be limited and relatively hard to find. I see their struggles that they face, and I see that they try their best to be a part of this country. They came here to have th e best opportunities out there. Thus, being the reason why they learned the English Language. Becoming a citizen was my mother’s dream, and I am proud to say that she achieved it. She came into this country not knowing a word of Spanish. She told me stories that it was very hard for her

Brueggemanns Bridge Between Form Criticism of The Psalms, Theology and Spirituality Theology Religion

‘Form Criticism' of the Psalms has been around for less than a hundred years. Prior to 1920's study use of the Psalms was pretty much limited to a ‘historical-critical' approach and a ‘Christological' approach. That is Ââ€" the establishing of who wrote what and why and the reading of psalms within the context of ‘Christ', respectively. To fully appreciate how Brueggemann builds these bridges between form criticism, theology and spirituality we will first look at a basic understanding of the foundations of form criticism onto which Brueggemann offered his new schema. Secondly we shall look at Brueggemann's schema and how he builds and develops these bridges into theology and spirituality. Finally we shall be reflecting on ‘Christian spirituality' That is; we shall be reflecting on how this schema helps us in our engagement with secular spirituality with particular reference to the area of ‘urban hip-hop' and ‘new punk'. I am basing my understanding and f ramework of spirituality on the work of Bob Mayo in his work ‘Making Sense of Generation Y' (2006). In it he proposes that spirituality can be understood in two ways Ââ€" Formative spirituality; that is a level of spiritual understanding and awareness that everyone is born with and everyone has. And secondly transformative spirituality; that is a level of spiritual understanding and awareness that builds on formative spirituality into having a personal and communal outworking. And so in answering ‘How does Brueggemann build bridges between form criticism of the Psalms, theology and spirituality?' I shall be addressing spirituality in a Christian transformative understanding and from a secular formative spirituality understanding. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORM CRITICISM As stated earlier it wasn't until the 1920's and the work of Hermann Gunkel, and his student Sigmund Mowinkel, that form criticism really started. Gunkel and Mowinkel observed that the Psalms only really had a very limited framework of approaches and styles Ââ€" The Hymn, Communal Lament, Individual Lament, Royal Psalms and Individual Thanksgiving. Further work identified five further, less common categories of Psalm Ââ€" Communal Thanksgiving, Wisdom, Pilgrimage, Entrance Liturgies and finally Mixed Poems .

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Contract Law - Essay Example Again, Sudbury confirmed that child labour was not used and at the same time stated that their chocolate contained 95% cocoa solids and was â€Å"the best in the world†. These statements have convinced Buywise to enter into a contract with Sadbury, not being aware of the fact that these statements do not correspond to the reality and they are simple lies. Buywise would not have entered into a contract with Sadbury unless it would have been assured by the latter regarding the quality and non-usage of child labor. According to Richards P. (217) â€Å"A misrepresentation may be defined†¦ as a false statement of fact that induces another to enter into a contract.†1 It is obvious that Sadbury has made a false statement regarding its products in order to induce Buywise to enter into a contract with it. Moreover, this statement was practically the reason that convinced Buywise to sign the contract. In the case of Derry v Peek (1880) the House of Lords concluded that â€Å"Fraud is established where it is proved that a false statement is made: (a) knowingly; or (b) without belief in its truth; or (c) recklessly, careless as to whether it be true or false.†2 Therefore, I believe that Sadbury can be held liable for fraudulent misrepresentation Once the fact of fraudulent misrepresentation has been established, Buywise has the right to rescind the contract. The Misrepresentation Act expressly stipulates that â€Å"Where a person has entered into a contract after a misrepresentation has been made to him by another party thereto and as a result thereof he has suffered loss, then, if the person making the misrepresentation would be liable to damages in respect thereof had the misrepresentation been made fraudulently, that person shall be so liable notwithstanding that the misrepresentation was not made fraudulently, unless he proves that he had reasonable ground to believe and did believe up to the time the contract was made the facts represented were true.†3Therefore,

Leadership and Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Leadership and Change Management - Essay Example Leadership development is a complex process as I witnessed over last year and the issues covered by the meetings proved vital in changing my perception of human resource management and how to influence change in the organization structure. The failure to address challenges in the process could be highlighted in the preceding meeting. The process was a complex one although the challenges were diverse. I learned vital issues in change management, which will be addressed later in this reflective analysis. One of the vital issues addressed by the meeting is group cohesion and participation. The participation of individuals in the meeting helped to make the meetings interesting. In fact, the availability of the group members ensured that the objectives of the meeting were met. The individual performance of the group members ensured that all the vital issues in management were handled perfectly and even resolved amicably. The delegation of duties to the individual made the tasks easy to co mplete (Paton, Paton, & McCalman, 2008, p. 56). I learned from the process the vital nature of communication when handling human labor or education members. It was not easy to establish the code of practice among the members, but we were able to work due to mutual trust and cohesion. The change management strategy and collective responsibility are essential issues on the addressing of change within the organization such as the development of leadership skills and experience. As the meeting progressed, several issues could be raised that needed to be solved by the group members. Planning for the meeting was left to the chair-lady because she was the facilitator of the meeting and could handle leadership issues effectively. Under her leadership, several issues were addressed and the issues include the role of every group member. Through the development of group cohesion, she ensured that the group could operate better than expected. The resistance to change was evident within the grou p during the initial stages of operation. This indicated the power of inertia and the role of perception in trying to reach and change an established system (Okbor, 2001, p. 23). The planning of the meeting was perfect and led to the effective completion of the project and attainment of the set goals and objectives of the study. The planning of the ideas or themes to be discussed during the meeting was done by the chair lady with the support from the group members. The group used consensus building in the development of a meeting planner and the issues to be addressed by the group. It was not easy to resolve certain issues in the first meeting. Such vital issues were deferred and were addressed in the later meetings including the third meeting (Lusardi, 2012, p. 89). However, after the completion of the planning process, it was easier to develop and come up with the necessary plan of the meetings throughout the year. The direction and facilitation of the meeting were left to the cha ir-lady and the group members were in charge of the participation. The participation of the various members was monitored by the facilitator who recommended a plan of action, which included the probing of the group members and evaluating their understanding of the concepts discussed through the meetings.

Morton Rhue Essay Example for Free

Morton Rhue Essay The Wave was written by Morton Rhue and published in 1982. This book was based on a true story of an incident in a high school history class in Palo Alto in California in 1969 lead by the teacher Ron Jones who says it was the most frightening event he had ever seen in a classroom. In the book the teacher is played by Ben Ross and his high school history class. It all starts when students ask questions about Nazi Germany and he can’t seem to answer them so he comes up with a plan that will change his classroom FOREVER with his sayings â€Å"Strength through discipline, strength through community, strength through action. His class room will be filled with nothing but POWER and DICIPLINE and that’s only just the beginning. He started off by teaching his class how to sit up straight properly in their seats and how to answer questions properly which meant standing up beside their seat before talking now can you imagine if we tried that now a days! He was filling his class room with power and all the students could feel it and as days went by and the students became very obedient of the new rules he decided to keep it going, as he thought it was working. Weeks went on and he had come up with the new rules salute whenever you saw another Wave member or chant whenever he ordered it and also a wave symbol was created to separate the Wave members from the non-members. This was clearly becoming out of control, the students were getting brain washed and they weren’t thinking about anything they were doing and what they were getting themselves into, they were making big mistakes. By the end of the book it had got so crazy that the Wave members started threatening the students who were not members and that’s when. Ben Ross knew it had to be stopped at once so they held a meeting for all the members where he faced the students with what was going on and telling them they shouldn’t have let it get this far by letting it take over them, they needed to wake up to themselves and realize what was going on because who knows how far it would have gone. He practically told them just to stop and think about their future and what they were doing had got the better of them and had to be stopped. By the end of this students were shocked and in tears realizing what they were doing was wrong! And it was a lesson they were taught that they would never forget. Now you’re thinking why this is a classic. It is because this book was so well known and written by a famous author and it’s easy for us to relate to the characters as we are high school students too and it’s written in a way it is best understood what is going on. This book is suitable for teenagers and up but I would mostly recommend high school students because they can relate to it a lot easier than others. The text I chose was Angela’s Ashes â€Å"a memoir of a childhood† written by Frank Mc Court and published in 1996. This book was the winner of the 1997 Putlitzer Prize which made me want to read it more because that tells me it’s a good  book to read. It was about an Irish family growing up with the tough, hard working life. The family started off living in America with their 2 little boys under the age of 6. It all started getting worse for them when Angela had baby girl which suffered from cot death only a couple of days old and this left the family sad and cold. The father was an alcoholic and left his family for days leaving the boys to look after themselves because the mother wouldn’t get out of bed. This was only the beginning of their hard life. Soon later the family moved to Ireland where they had family. The life over there was so different, they were living off the doll because the father was yet to get a job they barely had enough food to survive but they had to struggle through each day as it came. Soon later the mother gave birth to twin boys so the life became even harder as they had to feed to more mouths now. Years later one of the twins became unwell and they didn’t have the medicine to make him get better and he passed away and then soon after the other twin died in his sleep. This shows you how hard it was to survive with this life style that’s why we need to realize how lucky we are. As their life went on the father moved overseas to work for a year yet he never sent them any money to help out he just spent it all at the pub once he got it and this became a habit because once the mother gave birth to a new baby boy he went and spent all the money for the baby at the pub once again leaving the poor family to struggle even more. They couldn’t afford to pay rent anymore so they had to move in with a family friend and they didn’t like this. The eldest boy got so sick of this one night he decided to leave and live with his Uncle for a while and get a job. You can probably see where this book is leading, the father left them to  struggle on with their life and faced many more problems day in day out. But overall I thought this book was a great book even though it was very sad to know what they went through and it also has a movie out to that I’m sure would be good. I think this book in years to come will become a classic because of how great of a book it was and how well it written about a family’s struggle to live the hard life. Also because it is very well known and has a famous author and the way it is written. This book I would recommend be read for adults mostly and older teenagers because you need to be able to understand it properly.

Freedom and Independence for Women in the 1950s Essay -- Exploratory

Freedom and Independence for Women in the 1950's Having invested 27 million dollars and eleven years of research, Du Pont de Nemours Inc. roused world-wide interest when the company displayed the first ever nylon stockings in the New York World Fair in 1938. Nylon apparel, including women's lingerie and foundation garments, soon appeared on the American market in wide varieties. Unfortunately, the quantities were limited. Women paid deathly high pre-war prices to obtain a pair of these famous nylons; they quickly became a symbol of status and wealth (Ewing, 111). Its heyday, however, was brief, for in February 1942, America's nylon literally went to war with the soldiers, and nylon stockings temporarily became extinct. Post-war attitudes toward nylons and other underwear drastically differed from those of the pre-war. This 1952 Du Pont Nylon ad coincides with this change. The advertisement indicates not only the remaining post-war patriotic sentiments, but also the progress women made since the 1930's in obtaining more freedom, ind ependence, and simplified lifestyle. The 1950's encompassed a spirit that rallied around the American cause. It was fashionable to be patriotic, and Du Pont utilized manipulation of color to suggest that wearing Du Pont nylons is indeed patriotic. No other colors exist than red, white, and blue -- from the white boat to the blue high heels, patriotism is painted all over the ad. The two characters in the ad support the American cause by supporting the nylon company. Wouldn't you? This effective advertising technique guilted many women into buying Du Pont Nylons. Before the war, women stayed home to take care of the family, but the war forced many to go to work. Women finally tasted the sweet... ...s. The introduction of nylon and of the mass-production methods that were stimulated by the rising demand for what now became a machine-made article progressively led to simpler and more functional lifestyles (Ewing 1 1 7). This fabric could be rinsed out and drip-dried in an hour or two with no need of ironing. The woman in the ad has no time for laborious tasks that come along with complicated clothing: she has people to see, things to do, and new areas to conquer. As you women put on your favorite pair of fish net nylons, consider the changes the post-war women made to allow you that freedom and independence. Though women were suppressed in many ways during the 1950's, they were able to gain many rights which progressed women along the road towards the rights we enjoy today. Works Cited Ewing, Elizabeth. Underwear, a History. Theater Art Books, 1972.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Essay

Comprehensive Agrarian ReformPresentation Transcript 1. The 1987 Philippine Constitution 2. Article 13Social Justice and Human Rights(R.A. 6657-Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program) 3. Constitution of the Philippines the supreme law of the Philippines democratic and republican State enacted in 1987, during the administration of President Corazon Aquino, and is popularly known as the â€Å"1987 Constitution†. The Constitution is divided into 18 parts, excluding the Preamble, which are called Articles. 4. Social Justice and Human Rights refers to the idea of creating a society or institution that is based on the principles of equality and solidarity, that understands and values human rights, and that recognizes the dignity of every human being. based on the concepts of human rights and equality and involves a greater degree of economic egalitarianism through progressive taxation, income redistribution, or even property redistribution. 5. Aim to achieve what developmental economists refer to as moreequality of opportunity than may currently exist in some societies. to manufacture equality of outcome in cases where incidental inequalities appear in a procedurally just system. 6. PreambleWe, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. 7. Article XIII – Social Justice and Human Rights Labor Agrarian and Natural Resources Reform Urban Land Reform and Housing Health Women Role and Rights of People’s Organizations Human Rights 8. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program a Philippine state policy that ensures and promotes welfare of landless farmers and farm workers, as well as elevation of social justice and equity among rural areas. CARP was established by the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (CARL). aimed for a nation with equitable land ownership and empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries while, at least, improving social lives. enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and signed by Aquino on June 10, 1988. 9. Objective To successfully devise land reform in Philippines. To improve the economic and social status of the beneficiaries  of land reform in Philippines. 10. Objectives of Agrarian Reform – Political to put an end to conflicts pertaining to land ownership. to bring about harmony between the rural people and the urban residents. bringing stability in the political set up of the country.Objective of Agrarian Reform – Social bringing about equality in terms of opportunities, income as well as wealth. 11. Objectives of Agrarian Reform – Economic Enhancing agricultural production Enhancing agricultural productivity Bettering capital formation Providing employment to more agricultural workers Enhancing demand for raw materials and services Improving balance of payments by facilitating export activitiesTrying to increase production at home so that imports do not have to be relied upon. Enhancing cooperation as well as regulation between agricultural sector and the non agricultural sector. 12. CARP Major Feature It provides for the coverage of all agricultural lands regardless of cropsproduced or tenurial status of the tiller; It recognizes as beneficiaries of the program all workers in the land giventhat they are landless and willing to till the land; It provides for the delivery of support services to program beneficiaries; It provides for arrangements that ensure the tenurial security of farmersand farm workers such as the leasehold arrangement, stock distributionoption and production and profit sharing; and It creates an adjudication body that will resolve agrarian disputes. 13. R.A. 6657 Beneficiaries all agricultural lesseesshare tenants regardless: cropsregular farm workersseasonal farm workersother farm workers farmer’s organization cooperatives agricultural graduatesrural womenveterans and relatives of enlisted men and womenretirees of the AFP and the Integrated National Policerebel returnees and surrenderees 14. Qualifications of an Agrarian Reform Beneficiariesa. be landless;b. be at least 15 years old or head of the family at the time the property was transferred in the name of the Republic of the Philippines; andc. have the willingness, ability and aptitude to cultivate the land and make it as productive as possible. (Sec. 23, RA 6657)Note: Items (b) and (c) above are meant to ensure that the recipients of the land will judiciously use it and make it a productive agricultural land 15. Components of CARP Land Tenure ImprovementProgram Beneficiaries DevelopmentAgrarian Justice Delivery 16. Principles of CARPhighest consideration to the welfare of the landless farmers and farm workers due regard to the rights of landowners to  just compensation recognition of the rights of farmers, farm workers, landowners, cooperatives, and other independent organizations to participate in the planning, organization, and management of CARP provision of support to agriculture through appropriate technology and research provision of adequate financial, production, marketing, and other support services 17. CARP IMPLEMENTING AGENCIESDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Department of Agriculture (DA) Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) Land Registration Authority (LRA) Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) National Irrigation Authority (NIA) Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Department of Labor and Employment – Bureau of Rural Workers (DOLE-BRW) 18. Scope of CARP The ownership or control of about 10.3 million hectares of agricultural land, representing about one-third of the total land area of the Philippines, shall be transferred over a ten year period to an estimated 3.9 million beneficiaries. 19. Lands Covered by CARPall alienable and disposable lands of the public domain devoted to or suitable to agriculture;all lands of the public domain in excess of the specific limits as determined by Congress;all other lands owned by the government devoted to or suitable to agriculture; and all private lands devoted to or suitable to agriculture regardless of the agricultural products raised or that can be raised therein. (Section 4, RA 6657) 20. Lands Not Covered by CARPthose which are not suitable for agriculture, and those which are classified as mineral, forest, residential, commercial or industrial land;those which have been classified and approved as non-agricultural prior to 15 June 1988 as ruled under Department of Justice Opinion No. 44, Series of 1990;those which are exempt pursuant to Sec. 10, RA 6657; those which are devoted to poultry, swine, or livestock raising as of June 15, 1988 pursuant to the Supreme Court ruling on Luz Farms vs. The Honorable Secretary of Agrarian Reform (G.R. No. 86339, 4 December 1990); andthose which are retained by the landowner (not covered insofar as land acquisition and distribution but covered with respect to other provisions, particularly leasehold) 21. Lands Exempted by CARP Coverage Lands actually, directly, and exclusively used and found to be necessary for parks, wildlife, forest reserves, reforestation, fish sanctuaries and breeding grounds, watersheds and mangroves, national defense, school sites and campuses including experimental farm stations operated by public or private schools for  education purposes, seeds and seedlings research and pilot production centers, church sites and convents appurtenant thereto, mosque sites and Islamic centers appurtenant thereto, communal burial grounds and cemeteries, penal colonies and penal farms actually worked by the inmates, and government and private research and quarantine centers; and Lands with eighteen percent (18%) slope and over, except those already developed as of 15 June 1988. (Sec. 10, RA 6657) 22. Proof of Ownership given to Beneficiariesa. Emancipation Patents (EPs) for OLT lands;b. Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOAs) for CA, VOS, and EO 407 lands, resettlement areas and landed estates; andc. Free Patents for public lands.Note: Beneficiaries of the Integrated Social Forestry Program covering agro-forestry public lands whose ownership cannot be transferred, received Certificates of Stewardship Contract (CSCs) which are good for 25 years, renewable for another 25 years. 23. Department of Agrarian Reform the lead implementing agency of CARP. undertakes land tenure improvement and development of program beneficiaries. conducts land survey in resettlement areas. undertakes land acquisition and distribution and land management studies. orchestrates the delivery of support services to farmer-beneficiaries andpromotes the development of viable agrarian reform communities. 24. Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.orghttp://1987-philippineconstitution.blogspot.comhttp://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan005112.p

High School Education Essay

Education has been the proposed priority of the different countries all over the world in an effort to develop the social abilities of the children who will be taking over the country in the future and will be leading it to another way of growth. High school is viewed to be an important time for the students especially as it is a transition between the time of elementary learning and into specialized learning (Armstrong, 1998). Moreover, it is also situated during the development years of the adolescent which may factor to their presence of mind while developing for their future needs. In this regard, it is important to determine the overall direction/objectives of High School in this generation and to determine ways on how these objectives can be implemented and achieved. Today, the main objective of High School also known as secondary school is to provide educational program that enhances full potentials of the students in terns of academics and social aspects. In addition, the educational institution today must be able to establish a more comprehensive and efficient High School or secondary school. It has been said that High school is the time wherein the students themselves are finding their cognitive skills developing and thus are also developing their behaviors appropriately, is also then the time where teachers must focus on tackling these factors equally and comprehensively; as such, the authors acknowledge that high schools must prepare their students for specializing and further studies in different universities. Social competence must also be assessed as the teachers must be able to gauge the abilities of their students and thus from that must then be able to construct their goals for the end of the school year that will include the knowledge that the students have gained, the development of their views, as well as their own goals further than the end of their years in their high school Today, high schools are determined to provide a variety of learning methods to reach all students’ needs. Recognizing that in the past, instruction has often been geared to a hypothetical average student rather than to individual students with different backgrounds, attitudes, needs, interests, and abilities, new ways of learning are being created. These ranges from options for students within the school itself, to community involvement, and even to visiting or living in other countries. In order to meet these objectives innovative projects and programs are designed to reach students who have become frustrated and uninvolved in the work of the conventional high school. Options are intended to make learning more interesting, realistic, and meaningful to students. New ways of approaching the academic disciplines, more personal relationships with students, and imaginative learning activities are being invented example of ingenuity in creating many types of options within one school. Aside from that, High School today is now trying to integrate their educational program with information communication technology. It is noted that innovative Information Technology (IT) applications can provide advantages such as: students experienced greater independence and responsibility for their own work and progress; students are more capable of beating deadlines; and fostered students’ ongoing reflection about their work: either by redrafting and/or reviewing it, and especially by comparing it with assessment criteria with the aim of improving their overall standards. Similarly positive, Goodison (2002) said that even if in terms children’s awareness most students are not aware if ICT made them more productive in any way and that some pupils see the complexity of software applications as barriers to task completion, ICT contributes to the promotion of learning independently.

A Harrowing Use of Harry

A Harrowing Use of Harry A Harrowing Use of Harry A Harrowing Use of Harry By Maeve Maddox I regret that I did not make a note of where I saw this, but it did make me gasp: inspire harrying tales that will either make you gasp for air or make you sit there and shake your head. Whenever I encounter the alteration of an established expression, I do a Google search to see how prevalent it is. The good news is that I found only three such uses, but the bad news is that, considering the viral nature of the internet, even three could be the thin edge of the wedge. Here’s the lengthy harrying tale of one of my final forays with cradle robbers. A blogger writing about dating Once Were Warriors-Harrying tale of life in a dysfunctional Maori family comment on a movie site Only last week I heard a harrying tale of clergy abuse right here in Methodism. A writer on a religious site The word these writers were reaching for is harrowing. Both harrying and harrowing derive from the same Old English word hergian: to make war, to lay waste. There may have been a time when the two spellings were interchangeable, but if so, it hasnt been the case for several hundred years. I doubt very much that the writers who wrote harrying in these examples were doing so in the attempt to restore an ancient spelling. In modern usage the verb to harry means: harass, goad, torment. For example, a dog might harry a cow by nipping at its heels. A harried person is one troubled by persistent annoyances and interruptions. Harrying denotes being bothered, but the word is much milder than harrowing. The word harrowing is a much stronger word, but as people have grown urbanized and as most children dont read widely in the classics, the word has become a dead metaphor. A harrow is a farm implement with vicious teeth, used to break up plowed ground. A harrowing experience is one that causes great emotional pain. NOTE: A favorite theme of medieval art and drama is the Harrowing of Hell, based on the belief that between the crucifixion and the resurrection, Christ descended into Hell to rescue the righteous who lived before him. Both harry and harrow have been used with the meaning to rob. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly Words15 Great Word Games20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

Morepan Positioning Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Morepan Positioning Strategy - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear tha by entering into the distribution agreement with Geneva Pharma to be the sole supplier, the Company was able to provide a cost advantage to its customers. Moreover, in the case of bulk drugs, the Company has moved into high margin drug products where the multi -production processes are long and complex; however by developing the necessary technical capabilities to tackle such processes in a cost effective manner utilizing low labor costs in India and supplying to international markets, Morepan has been able to create economic value for its customers. According to the study Morepan has also positioned itself not merely as a bulk drug company in the Indian market, but has consolidated its position and created customer value by also entering into the Fast Moving Health Goods category. By hosting an entirely new range of products which could be directly marketed to the customers rather than having to reply upon physician prescriptions, the Company was able to gain direct access to the end customer unlike other drug companies. It developed a range of health products such as Lifelyte which was an electrolytic rehydrate, Y Sugar which was a sweetener, Dab fizz an antacid, and similar products which could directly be targeted at the end customer and marketed vigorously through effective sales and advertising techniques. In this way, the Company ha uniquely positioned itself in the market for health food products. Recently the Company has further expanded its reach into the retail sector in the health care market, through the creation of the Lifespring chain of health and beauty stores.

Nestl Tries for an All-for-One Global Strategy Case Study

Nestl Tries for an All-for-One Global Strategy - Case Study Example Decentralisation could best apply in different situations, but as organizations grow and establish more branches in different areas, numerous problems arise. Establishing individual organizations could need a lot of infrastructures, and capital to conduct operations in any decentralized system.   For Nestle, the decentralized strategy had created inefficiencies and accrued extra costs, which hindered the company from fully realizing its profits and competing through electronic commerce (â€Å"Nestlà © Struggles,† itu.edu). From this, the company was exposing itself to potential external threats, such as its shared global suppliers, and competitors. Even with the huge investment on numerous computer and information system resources, decentralization gave room for inefficiencies, more expenditure, inventory mismanagement, distributed decision making, operation complexity and data isolation that prevented data sharing, due to the differences in Information Systems, and lack of a standard platform. It was obvious that the company was not receiving the exact benefit that could come with information systems.   Due to the differences and challenging experiences in the global market, Nestle SA had to act towards business integration and consolidation, so as to allow standardization and coordination of its business processes and information systems (â€Å"Nestlà © Struggles,† prenhall.com). The company embarked on a global implementation of SAP R/3 ERP software, which intended to replace the SAP R/2 version that had been operating in most of the local organizations. Through the introduction of the software, the inefficiencies and accrued costs would be cutback, in the long run, to allow the company realize its full benefits.

Effectiveness of Employee Motivation in Google Coursework

Effectiveness of Employee Motivation in Google - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that motivation as explained by Burrus et al, is a multifaceted dynamic of forces, desires, drives, and other mechanisms within an individual that establish and uphold voluntary effort directed toward the accomplishment of a particular task or objective. Drawing reference from this definition, employee motivation can be termed as the psychological forces directed at an employee’s behavior in an organization so as to influence their level of effort and diligence in the duties assigned to them. Employers who take the initiative of motivating their employees are in a better position to acquire better organizational productivity, better employee participation and teamwork, and a better average turnover. Google is an American conglomerate, which specializes in providing internet-based services such as search engine service, cloud computing, manufacture and sale of software, as well as online marketing services. Most of Google’s pro fits come from AdWords. Its hasty growth since incorporation has elicited a series of merchandises, acquisitions, and mergers. As a result, Google is one of the corporations with the largest employee base in the world of around 37,000 in 40 countries. Contemporary conglomerates are relentlessly coming up with new methods and techniques to acquire top talent, keep hold of that top talent, and come up with imaginative ways to keep them motivates for paramount productivity. The essay will explore how Google Inc has structured its management so as to endow its employees with the best environment and how it motivates it's them with intrinsic and extrinsic techniques. The essay will also investigate on how effective the motivation techniques adopted by Google Inc have been in streamlining the employees’ effort in the direction of realizing the corporation’s objectives. Before exploring the motivation techniques adopted by Google Inc, it is important to understand some of the theories of motivation so as to get acquainted with the theory Google Inc favors most. Companies have to come up with intrinsic and extrinsic methods of motivation to acquire and maintain top talent. Studies have revealed established valuable theories that are of the essence in the developing strategies of motivation. In the paper, there are the four major theories that have been established.

Health of Transgender Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health of Transgender Population - Essay Example Transgender is referred as an umbrella term used to describe people of different groups which includes cross dressers, gender queer people, transsexual and others (De Sutter, 2001). In simple words, transgender is used to describe the individuals or groups who defying their gender based roles allocated by the society choose to alter, modify or change it in variety of ways. The term transgender is most commonly used, at present by the people who are uncomfortable with their assigned gender by birth, and deliberately change it. Trans is the short form of the term implying the same meaning and interpretation. However, the level of trans exists in a person may very while some being extreme and undertake medical surgeries to satisfy their needs, while other being at normal or average level who avoid undertaking medical surgeries. However, the identity of trans is not affected by the level, either trans undertake surgeries or not they shall always be recognized as trans but with no other t erms. Female to male (FTM) and male to female are the descriptors that are generally used to describe trans people. However, some people prefer the terms transgender woman or man (same as FTM or MTF), because the terms projects and confirm their chosen character. However, affirmed female and affirmed male are also the terms used synonymously with FTM or MTF. While comparing trans people with non-trans people (mostly for medical terms) natal/bio female and natal/bio male are used to describe normal or non-trans people. It is important for medical practitioners to explicitly define their identity without any hesitation so that assumptions... This paper stresses that the buttocks are much smaller in size as compared to the females. The buttocks are also considered as one sexually arousing part of the female body. In order to give the transgender man undergoing sexual reassignment surgical process, it is essential that they should under buttock augmentation as well. This is the enlargement process of the buttocks. If the patient has not past puberty, the first priority is the hormone therapy. However, in many cases, it might not work and the surgery is essential. The author talks that this surgery is the process in which a transgender individual undergoes a set of medical procedures, through which his or her gender is changed to the desired gender. There are some other common names present for the surgery as well, including the genital replacement surgery, sex affirmation surgery or the realignment if sexual orientation surgery. This report makes a conclusion that the transgender men and women are now not easily distinguishable once they undergo the surgery. With the prosthetic or surgically created vagina, penis and breasts, along with the secondary male and female characteristics, these individuals enjoy the sexual life as much as the individuals born with that particular sex do. While there have been a number of advances in the transsexual gender reassignment surgery, there is still the lacking of the surgical inclusion of the male or female reproductive system. The transgender population can now have their desired sexual orientation, but the reproduction is still a lacking they might feel. As the technology remains to improve, it is possible that this could also be accomplished in the near future.

Relationship Between Management And Shareholders Finance Essay

Relationship Between Management And Shareholders Finance Essay A lot of studies have been done in the matters of earnings management. It is because earnings management can be practice in many ways. There are several research done which covered the topic about earnings management and board characteristics(Saleh, et al,2005), board of directors and opportunistic earnings management (Sarkar et al., 2006), earnings manager and long term performance (Ho, et al 2006), earnings management in education (Misiewicz, 2006), earnings management and IPOs (Spohr, 2004) and so forth. Here in this assignment I put an interest on study of earning management and IPOs. Where I already found several related articles which cover the topic from several countries. The countries cover from the articles that I already found are IPOs in Finland, Japan as well as Malaysia. Before I discuss about earnings management in IPOs in depth, I also discuss about the relationship between management and shareholders. Then I discuss about definition of earnings management from different point of views. Beside that I also get to understand of earnings management through the mechanism as well as the loopholes in accounting standards the can caused the earnings management could happen. I also highlight several method of earnings management that familiarly practices. Eventually, I will discuss the issues of earnings management in IPOs that happen in Japan, Finland and Malaysia. LITERATURE REVIEW Relationship between management and shareholders Financial statements can be seen as medium of information between management of particular company and shareholders. Management is considered as workforces to achieve companies objectives. While shareholders represented as capitals supplier which generated the workforces in order to achieve the objective. Typically only public listed company should disclose their annual report to the shareholders or potential shareholder. The benefit gain from to be listed in any stock exchange are for additional funds, not only to finance further expansion and diversification as well as new projects as well as to reduce debts(Rahman and Abdullah, 2005). Beside that public will see the listed company typically have higher profile and greater visibility which confers greater investors confidence and publicity. The relationship between managers and shareholders in the business world cannot be disputable. This relationship is interpreted under Theory Agency (Bukit and Iskandar, 2009). They are very dependent each other, even somehow there exist conflict of interest among these two parties. In example the shareholders put on trust to agency by contributing huge amount of money in terms of paid up capital, so that agency can generate business and obtain profit and increase the firms value as principles return. Meanwhile agency (managers) is dependent to the principles for remunerations and bonuses as compensation (Bukit and Iskandar, 2009). Because of the great pressure from principles (shareholders) towards the high performance of firms values, so agency commonly practice earnings management in order to be sustained in market place (Jayati et. al.,2006). Definition of earning management Various optional opinions obtain from literature regarding earnings management. Bukit and Iskandar (2009) defined the earnings management may involve manipulation of accounting record, intentional omission or intentional misapplication of accounting o accounting principles. While, Mohanram (2003) define earnings management as the intentional misstatement or earnings leading to bottom line numbers that would have different in the absence of any manipulation. The Baralexis, S., 2004 advocates that earnings management is the process of intentionally exploiting or violating the GAAP or the law to present financial statements according to ones interests. The earnings management activities can break the reliability and credibility of management towards the shareholders. Earnings management is intrinsically related to earning quality (Lopes et al,2006). Schipper (1989) define the earnings management as a deliberate intervention of external financial accounting process with the intent of obtaining some private gain. Her argument of definition is based on a observing of accounting numbers as information. Within the opportunities offered by the accounting system, managers could exercise manage earnings by selecting accounting methods within GAAP or by changes in the ways given methods or policy (Ismail and Weetman, 2008). On the other hand, Healy and Wahlen (1999) define earnings management as an activity where manager used their discretion to adjust financial report either to misled stakeholders or for self interest. Earnings management also known as creative accounting or cooked the book may have twofold purposes. First to stop shareholders from withdrawing capital and second, as a means of reporting favorably on stewardship and performance (Devi et al., 2004). Perhaps, the main reason why companies use earnings management is because of the pressure placed upon management to show favorable returns on their investors money. This idea of seeking to please shareholders is reinforced by Agency Theory (Bukit Iskandar, 2009). Theory agency states that individuals seek to maximize their own utility, and act only in the individual best interest (Hooper et. al., 1998). So, acting in the companys best interest, management will manage the earnings to enhance their financial reporting, and therefore protect the basis of their contract (Mathews Perera, 1996). Pressure from management, therefore, may cause accountants and auditors to accept in producing favorable reports to shareholders using earnings manag ement techniques to improve results (Hussey,1996). Earnings management mechanism The practice of earnings management occurs because of the availability of different acceptability accounting accrual choice to be applied for determinant of reporting income. There are several mechanisms of implementing earnings management. First, is what they called as big bath. This type of earnings management is when the company could not reach their target in certain period. Normally companies target is based on previous performance. Then when firms are way below their target, they have an incentive to make things look even worse (Mohanram, 2003). There are several ways to make it worse such as the company will take large reconstructing charges, increase in provision for bad debt, and take other income decreasing accounting decision. This kind of practices are bound under two reasons which is firstly it is highly impossible that any amount of earning management will get them over the target and secondly the cost to make it worse are typically minimal. Therefore, any improvements in performance will perceive that managers are more credible and greater credit for turning around a firm. Some other way of perception regarding big bath is when manager takes over responsibility for a unit there is a motivation to make as much as provision that ensure any losses appear as the responsibility of the previous manager (Amat and Blake et al,1999) Second mechanism is what they called cookie jar accounting. This practice of earning management is when the company relatively to achieve above target, they may again have an incentive to reduce earnings. Typically there is little benefit in going way above a benchmark. Consider a firm which expects to report an EPS of RM3.80 for a given quarter when expectations hover around RM3.00. Especially when economic boom-up. Such a firm may report an EPS of RM3.30, but it still beating expectations. The remaining 50 cents of EPS reduction may come in handy in future quarters when the firm is slightly below targets. By reducing current period income, firms implicitly save some of these excess earnings for the future when they may be more valuable. The mechanism of the earnings management can be illustrated as below: Sources: Mohanram, 2003 Standard board point of view Earning management also be called as creative accounting. Creative accounting enable managers to cook the book and window dress their company by taking advantage of the loopholes in accounting standard. Due to this activity of earning management and thus provide doubtful of information in financial statement, so such information become unreliable. Therefore the users of financial statement will make wrong decision based on manipulated accounting numbers. Unfortunately, GAAP make such a room to accountant to make a manipulation since it allow accountants to use their discretion to make decision which is needed. In addition creative accounting is not against the law, in the hands of less a scrupulous managements, it can be dangerous instrument of deception (Naser, 1993). The common methods used by changing the assumptions for accounting standard. Methods normally applied for manage the earnings The very common method of manage earnings that normally applied by practitioners is as below: Changing the assumptions for accounting standards. For example Change in depreciation policy by extending depreciable lives periodically and justify it on the grounds that the change brings them in line with industry standards. Capitalization of expenses that previously expensed, increasing the extent of capitalization, slowing down amortization of previously capitalized expenses Reducing the provisions for bad debts. This is what people say of accrual discrepancies. Reducing income by taking on large one-time charges. For example restructuring charges. Managing transactions, whereby companies will create last minute sales by sending up a bundle of inventories to the customers by free charge for 3 months (let say) and recorded in a book of account receivables. Earnings managements and IPOs-Evidence from Finland This study had been made by Sphor (2004). His study had been used a sample companies on 56 firms that went public in the years 1994 to 2000 on Helsinki Stock exchange. The author want to prove that there is a presence of earnings management in initial public offerings (IPOs) of Finnish firms. Virtually, there is several studies have documented the presence of earnings management in IPO firm (e.g. Friedlan,1994, Teoh, Welch and Wong, 1998 and Aharony, Lee and Wong, 2000). The reason for such study is in IPO normally the earnings management practice difficult to detect from the income statement and the balance sheet, thus investors would benefit from other information that reveals the probability of earnings management. It is because managers and owners incentives to manage earnings are used to assess the likelihood that earnings management is used before IPO (Spohr, 2004). According to Aharony et al (2000), the earnings management likelihood in Chinese IPO firms varied across industri es and listing location. They suggest the noted differences in opportunistic behavior to be a result of mangers incentive to manage earnings and their possibilities to do it without detected. IPOs are priced by discounting the companys future cash flows and by observing the market values of similar publicly traded companies. At the time of their IPOs issuing companies seem to sell below market rates as their share prices are often underpriced, meaning that their value at the close of day one trading is higher than the initial price of the stock (Ritter, 1991). During the high IPO activity period that ended in year 2000 the initial returns were on average high. The in Finland found, the biggest initial profit was generated by F-Secure whose stock rose on its first trading day on November 5, 1999 from the initial offering price of 7.70 euros to 27.45 euros. The initial underpricing of Initial Public Offerings(IPOs) fits poorly to the long-term return on IPO shares. Ritter (1991) shows that IPO firms on average give poorer three-year returns than other listed firms in comparable sizes and industries. He explains this weak return on IPO shares with timing. Firms time their IPOs to the periods when the market overprices the firm, its industry and IPOs in general. The weak share performance after the IPO can also be explained with earnings management. If the firm before the IPO artificially boosts its value through managing earnings, the market will sooner or later find out the true performance of the company and devalue its shares. Compared to bad accounting or simple randomness, the distinguishing feature of earnings management is the presence of intent. Studies identifying earnings management usually make the assumption that intent is present in the circumstances where the tests are made. In research testing for earnings management in IPO firms it is assumed that it is capital market motivations that drive the firms to earnings management. The aim is to maximize the companys equity value and through this increase the owners wealth and reduce the companys financing costs. The most commonly used method to test for earnings management is the examination of accruals because they are easier to manipulate than cash flows. Abnormal accruals are considered as a sign of earnings management. The major problem in earnings management studies is how to determine if accruals are abnormally high or low. Most models used to estimate the normal level of accruals base their estimations on the firms past accruals or comparable firms accruals. In the literature the normal and abnormal accruals are usually called nondiscretionary and discretionary accruals. In particular, the research based on U.S. data provides strong evidence of discretionary accruals in IPO firms. Additionally, Teoh, Welch and Wong (1998) show that discretionary accruals can be linked to companies long term stock market performance and thus challenge the efficient market hypothesis, as the market fails to account for the manipulation. When they grouped firms by the magnitude of discretionary accruals before the IPO, they found that firms in the quartile with the lowest discretionary accruals (negative) outperformed the market by about 4% over three years, whereas firms in the quartile with the highest discretionary accruals underperformed the market by about 25%. To date there have been at least three studies on earnings management in Finnish IPOs which from Ora (2000), Eriksson (2001) and currently Spohr (2004). First study is to showing that earnings management has been present in Finnish IPOs, Ora (2000) investigates if there is any difference in earnings management behavior between 1980s and 1990s IPOs. Her results indicate that earnings management seems to have vanished in the later period. Applying a total accruals measure Oras tests are affected by the substantial changes in discretionary reserves that Finnish companies could use for managing earnings. These visible forms of earnings management vanished gradually in the 1990s due to the accounting legislation reform. Second study done by Eriksson (2001), whereby the tests for earnings management on a similar sample to this study and uses a financial ratios model called the Beneish M-score. The higher the M-score the higher is the likelihood that earnings management has occurred. Erikssons M-score averages of the sample indicates that no earnings management were present in the financial year closest to the IPO. Finally finding obtain from Spohr (2004), the firms ownership structure and the pre-IPO owners share of ownership decrease in the IPO were used to formed expectations about the likelihood of finding earnings management before the IPO. Earnings management was hypothesized to be present in the entrepreneur owned but not in the institutionally held firms. Furthermore, the probability of earnings management was assumed to be related to how much the entrepreneurs ownership decreased in the IPO. The profitability of the total sample of 56 Finnish IPO firms showed a relatively high level of profitability in the critical period for which earnings management was tested when compared to three periods before and after the critical period. The most significant change in profitability occurred in the entrepreneur firms after the IPO. To answer the question of whether high profitability was only a result of successful timing, earnings management tests were conducted on accruals. The results suppor t the hypothesis that entrepreneurs manage earnings before the IPO. In contrast to expectations, earnings management behavior seemed not be affected by how much of their ownership entrepreneurs gave up in the IPO. In the institutional owned IPO firms, no evidence of upward earnings management before the IPO was found. The limitation of the study is the sample is small. Earnings managements and IPOs under pricing -Evidence from Japan This study had been done by unstated authors in the year 2010. The study is based on the sample of 910 firms that went public in Japanese market between 1995 and 2005. The area of the study is would like to seek whether initial public offerings (IPO) are undervalued or overvalued using comparable firm multiples, (2)whether and how earnings management affects under or overvaluation, and (3) whether and how under /over-valuation and earnings management affects IPO under pricing. The underpricing phenomenon is such of common controversy covered in previous literature on Initial public offering companies over the business world. It is well known when companies go to public, the price at which investment banker sells the stock to investors in generally below the price at which the stocks trades in the secondary market shortly thereafter, resulting in a substantial price jump on the first day o trading. The meaning of IPOs underpricing is does not mean of undervalued (Purnanadam Swaminath an, 2004). The case in Japan the authors had examined whether Japanese IPOs are undervalued or overvalued using comparable firms multiples, similar method as done by Purnanadam and Swaminathan (2004). Then he investigates the relation between under or overvaluation and first-day return (underpricing). Later on, they identified the way of earnings management affects under or overvaluation and underpricing. Lastly the authors found that about 60 to 70% of Japanese IPO firms are undervalued relative to their industry peers, and most of undervalued firms have positive first day return consistent with the asymmetric information models of underpricing. On the other hand, overvalued firms consisting of 30-40 % of IPO firms also earn 7% to 12% higher first day return, and pre-IPO year abnormal accruals and the magnitude of underpricing are positively correlated when firms are overvalued. These findings suggest that IPOs are overvalued more in hot issue periods when investors tend to be optimistic about the future performance of the IPOs, while underwriters undervalue IPO firms in usual market condition. Earnings managements and performance towards IPO companies Issues in Malaysia This IPOs issue on earnings management was revealed by Rahman and Abdullah (2003). They are trying to identify the causes of firms issuing equity produce poor returns to investors in the long run by exploring the potential opportunities for earning management during the period prior to the public listing and its correlation with initial listing and post issues performance. The study covered 187 IPO valid firms identified from Bursa Malaysia Investors digest since January 1989 upward to December 1998. There are various of industries selected including tradings and services, Consumer product, construction, Properties, Infrastructure and Project companies, plantation, industrial product and hotels. The method used in this study is similar with previous study made by Abdul Rahman(2000), Tay (1993) and Ritter (1991), whereby this study is measuring abnormal return using a buy-and-hold returns approach. The Abnormal return are calculated based on the difference between holding period returns of sample IPOs firms and control companies. Further the study focuses on current accrual as the source of earning management. The types of accrual is whether discretionary accrual or non discretionary accrual. This justification is based on the definition of discretionary accrual itself which is those manipulated earnings that are determined at the discretion of management (Dennis and Michel, 1996 and Teoh et al,1998). The example of discretionary accrual the changes in allowance for doubtful account because on managements interest. According to Teoh et al (1998) the discretionary current accrual are actually superior proxy for earnings management. While in contrast the nondiscretionary accrual is the change as a result of managements accounting decisions that are of interest to the firm (Rahman Abdullah, 2005). As stated example, during the economic growth, one would expect accruals such as account receivables and account payable to change as sales increase without earnings management occurring. The most interested in this issue on IPOs is whether the investment activities in such companies will benefit investors who invest in the company. There are several studies whether done in overseas or Malaysia has been shown that IPO is a wealth reducing investment to investors in the long run. The evidence have been seeking in US whereby they found that IPO as poor long run investment for investors (Ritter, 1991; Loughran and Ritter, 1995 and Teoh et al, 1998). Also have been proven this similar issues happen in Malaysia of poor post issue performance (Ku Ismail et al, 1993 and Pok et al, 2000). The result of the study by Rahman and Abdullah (2005), found that IPO in the average have experience significant positive abnormal return relative to the non-IPO firms during the initial period if the measuring taking to consider of offering price to the end of the day listing price. However the IPO firms is obtain significant negative towards share return relative to their control firms during the first, second and third year following their initial listing on Bursa Malaysia. To solve the research question to why firms issuing equity produce poor returns to investors in the long run, the authors found that Malaysia IPO firms manage their earnings upwards in the year prior to public listing on Bursa Malaysia. Furthermore, those IPO firms that manage earnings are not significantly different between industries but are significantly different between the Main and Second board. Subsequently, the result on their study in relation between prior earnings management and post issues share return performance after the initial public listing is no significant relationship. The result sustain with respect to IPO firms with high or low level of earnings management. In addition according to the Rahman and Abdullah (2005) there is no evidence to suggest that the pre offerings earnings management is able to predict the abnormal returns during the initial period and over one to three years following equity offerings. This argument actually had supported from previous literature made by Ku Ismail et al. 1993 and Shivakumar, 2000), whereby they mentioned that the positive abnormal return during the initial period may be due to the underpricing by underwriters and also as a result of asymmetric information among investors during the announcement period. The result of positive share return at the initial period is actually contradicted with the literature from Teoh et al (1998). He argues that the investors are unable to fully understand managerial earnings at the time of equity offerings and ends up a high offer price. The possible reason of negative significant post issue return one to three years after listing may be due to the unfavorable earnings revealed by media, analysts report and financial statement after the offering(Rahman Abdullah 2005). CONCLUSION In a review of earnings management in IPOs literature, Spohr (2004) and Rahman and Abdullah (2005) are identify a range of potential significant incentives to undertake earnings management. It is including contracts written in terms of accounting numbers, capital market expectation and valuation and government actions. Managers of an IPO company probably motivated to manage earnings in the reporting period following the IPO in order to align more closely with the prediction for the period (Ismail Weetman, 2008). In addition, Ismail and Weetman also found that managers also motivated to manage earnings to increase their short term wealth at the expense of the long term value of the firm. According to Rahman and Abdullah (2005), IPO companies have an opportunity in manipulating offering-year discretionary current accrual and non discretionary current accrual. I noticed here there are several opinions regarding the IPOs market return begin with when company went to public upward to three years later. Therefore the investors in particular should concern with any information announced by the firm before attempting to invest. There are some evidence mentioned that the investing in IPO is kind of short term wealth. This could be happen because there is an existence of earnings management in their operation in order to meet the requirement by Securities commission.

Jane Eyre?s Self-Discovery :: essays research papers

The novel Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte consists of continuous journey through Jane’s life towards her final happiness and freedom. Jane’s physical journeys contribute significantly to plot development and to the idea that the novel is a journey through Jane’s life. Each journey causes her to experience new emotions and an eventual change of some kind. These actual journeys help Jane on her four figurative journeys, as each one allows her to reflect and grow. Jane makes her journey from Gateshead to Lowood at the age of ten, finally freeing her from her restrictive life with her aunt, who hates her. Jane resented her harsh treatment by her aunt. Mrs. Reed’s attitude towards Jane highlights on of the main themes of the novel, the social class. Jane’s aunt sees Jane as inferior, who is less than a servant. Jane is glad to be leaving her cruel aunt and of having the chance of going to school. At Lowood she wins the friendship of everyone there, but her life is difficult because conditions are poor at the school. She has come to be respected by the teachers and students, largely due to the influence of her teacher, Miss Temple, who has taken a part as a mother, governess, and a companion. Jane has found in Miss temple what Mrs. Reed always denied her. Also at Lowood Jane confront another main theme of the novel, the natural violence, which is depicted by Bronte then typhus kills many of the students including Jane’s best friend, Helen Burns. This scene is especially important, because it makes Jane stronger, which is appropriate, as mentally strong people cope with violence in a more rational way. As Jane grows up and passes the age of eighteen, she advertises herself as a governess and is hired to a place called Thornfield. Although journeying into the completely unknown, Jane does not look back, only forward to her new life and her freedom at Thornfield. This particular journey marks a huge change in Jane’s life; it’s a fresh start for her. Another important journey Jane makes is from Gateshead back to Thornfield having visited her aunt Reed on her deathbed. By then Jane realizes that she loves Rochester. A key theme is raised here, Jane fierce desire to love and to be loved. She feels alone and isolated when she has no friends around her. This is a sharp contrast compared to other characters’ search for money and social position.

Company Law Essay

Promoters, as defined in Twycross v Grant (1877) 2 CPD 469, are persons who involved in the incorporation of a company. And the common law has extended the scope of â€Å"promoter† further in Tracy v Mandalay Pty Ltd (1953) 88 CLR 215. In this case, the High Court held that the promoters are not just these persons who take an active part in the formation process, but also these who profits from the operation of the company with a passive role. Applying this doctrine to the case study, Alicia can be regarded as one of the promoters of Batco Ltd, since she had involved in the formation of the company and ranked as one of the three directors after the registration. It’s also noticeable that the other two directors, Adam and Robin, were former employees of Alicia. Thus, even though Alicia didn’t play an active role in the formation of the company, the connection between her and Batco before and after the registration was solid. According to Aequilas v AEFC (2011) 19T ACLC 1006, the legal consequence of a person being identified as a promoter is that such person owes stringent fiduciary duties to the company and its shareholders. They are required to act in good faith and place the company’s benefits over their own (Harris, Hargovan and Adams 2011). More specifically, in Erlanger v New Sombero Phosphate Co (1878) 3 CA 1218, the House of Lords held that promoters have the duty of fully disclosure to a board of independent directors of the material facts when they enter into contract relations with the company; Or, as stated in the in Aequilas v AEFC (2011) 19T ACLC 1006, the court also accepts an explicit disclosure made to shareholders. Taking these judgments into account, Alicia, as a director of Batco Ltd, as well as a promoter, breached her fiduciary duties. Because Alicia, as a party to the contract with Batco, didn’t make known the notification she received from a government clerk to the company before they entered into the co ntract. Although without official announcement, the rezoning of the area was only a speculation, the unveiling of this information could prevent Batco from buying the site at that price, as the reassigned area could have a change in value. What more, a secret profit was obtained by Alicia in the selling of property. Despite that she made a disclosure of the actual profit she earned to Adam and Robin, these two directors could not fall into the group of independent directors. Additionally, even after Alicia had informed them about her real gain, in the prospectus Batco Ltd made to its shareholders, the profit  number was falsely presented. Thus, Alicia also contravened the promoter’s duty of disclosure to the company’s shareholders. Once the breach of fiduciaries is established, Batco Ltd and its shareholders can sue Alicia, Adam and Robin for remedies. Under s 729(1) in Corporation Act 2011(Cth), the damaged party has right to recover the amount of the loss or damage resulting from contravention of duty of disclosure. And under s 729(3), the time for taking a legal action under s 729(1) is limited to in 6 years after the happening of the breach of disclosure duty. In Erlanger v New Sombeoro Phosphate Co (1878) 3 CA 1218, the judgment rescinded the initial contract and the damaged party was allowed to recover the purchase price. Similarly, in Glukstein v Barnes (1900) AC 240, a promoter was required to account to the company on the secret profit he realized from the breach of fiduciary duties without voiding the contract. Therefore, one likely outcome in this case study is Batco and its shareholders suing Alicia to rescind the purchase contract within 6 years after the happening of the breach of disclosure duty. As a result, Batco can recover the purchase price and return the site to the vendor, Alicia. Another possibility is Batco suing Alicia for breach of fiduciary duties and only require her account to the company for the secret gain. However, considering the unpredictable effect of rezoning on the purchased site, the former one would be a better option for Batco. According to Frino and Segara (2012), there are two elements of transaction costs, being the explicit and implied c osts. Explicit costs include brokerage fees, exchange fees and government taxes which will not be discussed in this report as the trading exercise was performed without incurring such costs. Implied costs emerge when share prices become unfavourable due to effect of the share trades. These unfavourable expenses are difficult to estimate and deduce as they usually happen in a random manner (Frino and Segara, 2012). There are three types of implied costs which will be discussed below. Firstly, every trader will be exposed to bid-ask spreads (Frino and Segara, 2012). Bid-ask spreads are the gaps between the highest purchase price and the lowest selling price at which the dealers are keen to trade upon. Thus, the median of the bid-ask spread is deemed as the reasonable price.  According to Frino and Segara (2012), when a dealer needs to complete a particular transaction urgently, the deemed reasonable price mentioned above will be forgone as the dealer will require immediate liquidity by purchasing or selling the shares at the stated bid or ask price. There are many ways and choices for a company of fundraising their commercial scheme and activities. One of the choices is through corporate fundraising to offer securities to attract public and outside investors. The statutory provisions in related to the process is located under Ch 6D. Under the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Act 1999, the required standard full-disclosure document while public companies undertaking fundraising is as prospectus (zuozhe 267). In the case, Jaan Company wants to expand its market and decides raising funds through offering securities and has two options to choose: the first one is raising 10 million and keeps domestic; another one is raising 20 million and expand international. They decide to use offer securities to raise fund which means they will need to face a standard required prospectus to the public. According to Section 709, there are four types of disclosure documents. First is prospectus, which is the most common form of disclosure docu ment and under Ch 6D s709 (1), it must generally be prepared for an offer of securities. However, if the raising capital fund is not exceeding 10 million, the prospectus is not compulsory to be prepared.   The second type is short form prospectus. This type is permitted to reduce the length and complication of prospectus that are distributed to potential investors. The third type is an offer information statement. Under an offer information statement, the amount to be raised from the issue of securities is 10 million or less. The last one is profile statements. This type is prepared as an addition to a prospectus and a reform to simplify policy objective and reduce the volume of disclosure objects. Under the circumstance, for the option 1, an offer information statement is appropriate. The offer information statement is comparative simplified and according to the Corporations Acts, it is intended to facilitate more efficient capital raising, especially for start-up and small and medium sized enterprises(zuozhe, 268). The disclosure requirements are lower level than for a prospectus. Under offer information statements, the company is required to state the information about the compa ny (including  explain the company’s business and the nature of securities, the financial audited statements within the previous 6 months), explain why the company needs to fundraising, disclose details about risks involved and all amount payable. In addition, it also must state to investors that it’s different and lower level compare with prospectus, remind the investors should acquire professional advice. Furthermore, the copy has been lodged with ASIC who takes no responsibility for its contents is required. For option 2, a detailed, full-disclosure prospectus is required. The obligations are concluded as following (zuozhe, 266): firstly, all the information, which is also guaranteed reliable and available at the same time, need to be provided in a prospectus to all investors that they might realistically need to know in order to make a decision about the company’s investment proposal; secondly, the documents must enclose all the risks associated with the c oncerned industry in which the company operates; thirdly, it is necessary that the disclosure of material information is in an effective way for fundraiser to undertake inquiries as well as disclose details which can enable investors to make a more accurate assessments about securities in a cost-effective way. I will recommend option 1in this case. Jaan is a small manufacturing business and not a mature company; it has not enough experience and comparative low capital base as well less able to meet the costs of raising capital. Compare with mature company, Jaan is less able to meet the risks to challenge the market changes and adapt quickly. Offer information is particularly suitable for the small and mid-sized enterprises; it has lower requirements than prospectus and also more flexible for the company. Part 2 According to S 728, if a disclosure document has following characteristics, then it would contravene: misleading or deceptive conduct; omission form; a circumstance that is required to disclose in the document but the company has not and the circumstance is raised as a problem. In this case, Jaan has a very positive forecast in the sales and profit in the following years; however, it has not happened. The company said the market needs of snowboarding are huge and the company has confidence to forecast that they have made a right choice. Unfortunately, the company is circulated these forecast without reasonable basis and inadequate marketing research. Furthermore, in order to attract investors, the company is using New Zealand’s snowboarding popularity diagram rather than global or Australia. Under this circumstance, the company has misled the investors and make them have a wrong perception of the company’s vision. In addition, the company also comes out a new circumstance: abnormal weather patterns caused by global warming will make the company to face a huge loss. This is unexpected but this circumstance should have been disclosed in the document. Under the Ch 6D, the company should disclose all the relevant risks to enable the investors to make a cautious decision. Nevertheless, the company only focus on the bright side of the future and miss to present the potential external factors that may influence the sales of the company. All these would be the facts that the company’s disclose document has contravened and will face a remedy for the investors.Similar case for Jaan’s investors can look at is Cad ence Asset Management Pty Ltd v Concept Sports Ltd (2005): the defendant were misleading the investors about the company’s outlook, the court decision is disagree the defendant’s defence and upheld the plaintiff to recover the loss suffered. Defendants may avoid their liability if they can satisfy the defences set out in ss 731-733. In this case, according to section 731, Jaan may avoid liability if they can provide evidence that their sales forecast is based on reasonable grounds, there is no misleading for the investors. And in order to defend successfully, the company also needs to show that they undertake that they can confirm their information is based on reasonable basis and the accuracy is creditable in the prospectus (zuozhe, 288). Furthermore, Jaan should also to prove that they were unaware of the changing weather to make the company to bear the loss. These can be potential defences for the company. However, the case Cadence Asset Management Pty Ltd v Concept Sports Ltd (2005) has shown that if the company has a behaviour of misleading the investors in breach of s 728 (zuozhe, 287), Jaan may not be succeed in the defences based on the following facts: they use the wrong popularity diagram to forecast the sales (besides, the company also know this fact), this is misleading to the investors; in addition, the changing weather should be a relevant risk which must be disclosed to the investors. Investors have rights to know the risks associated with the operation. Base on those facts, the company may fail to defence.